Breast cancer is a prevalent malignancy that affects women worldwide [ 1 ]. Adverse effects stemming from the disease and its treatments present a substantial risk to the physical, psychological, and social well-being of these individuals [ 2 , 3 …

Patient‑reported outcome measures (PROMs) play a key role in modern health care and research settings [ 1 ]. PROMs are questionnaires that can be used to assess patients’ health status and evaluate treatment impact from the patients’ perspectives.

Draft guidance from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration states that one can interpret a treatment effect on a clinical outcome assessment–based endpoint when expressed as some difference between group means. Recently, Trigg et al. examined …

Psychometric properties, and cultural appropriateness, of patient reported outcome measures for use in primary healthcare: A scoping review. Patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) are instruments used to report the status of a patient’s health …

Spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is characterised by bleeding in the subarachnoid space and is associated with severe headache. An aneurysm is the underlying source of bleeding in most patients, but in about 15% of patients the source of …

Ischemic stroke is a kind of cardiovascular diseases with significant clinical and economic burden to patients and society. Ischemic stroke can impair both physical and mental health of the patients, therefore, it is important to describe and …

Idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIM) are systemic inflammatory diseases primarily affecting muscles and occasionally other organs. There are multiple IIM including polymyositis, anti-synthetase syndrome and immune-mediated necrotizing myopathy …

Diabetes mellitus (DM) has become an important health issue worldwide due to its high prevalence and related disability and mortality [ 1 ]. Among adults aged 20–79 years around the world, the estimated prevalence of DM was 10.5% in 2021, which is …

China has the largest population of middle-aged and older adults in the world, and this number is rising as the pace of aging continues to accelerate. Coupled with rapid socioeconomic changes and accelerating aging, middle-aged and older adults …

The smallest changes in treatment outcomes considered important by patients are often determined for traditional recall surveys. However, recall-bias with traditional surveys may contribute to unreliable assessment of the outcome. Evidence …

Patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) often experience multiple concurrent symptoms, necessitating prompt recognition and precise management. The salient features of these symptoms are the large number of co-occurring symptoms and the intricate …

Marfan syndrome (MFS) is an autosomal dominant condition of connective tissue impacting the skeletal, ocular, cardiovascular, pulmonary, central nervous, and integumentary systems, with a prevalence of approximately 1 in 5,000. Individuals with …

The concept of response shift (i.e., recalibration, reprioritization, or reconceptualization of health outcomes by patients [ 1 ]) holds significant implications for the accurate interpretation of patient-reported outcomes (PROs) in clinical …

Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (AATD) is an inherited condition that can cause liver and/or lung disease. A change in a single gene creates an abnormal protein in the liver. Individuals who have two copies of the abnormal gene are protease …

Good health related quality of life (HRQoL) in youth is essential for their overall well-being and successful transition to adulthood [ 1 ]. Among youth with disabilities, quality of life (QoL) and HRQoL are distinct concepts often used …

Sleep is an essential pillar of health and is vital for day-to-day functioning and life. According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 1 in 3 adults in the general public report not getting enough sleep. A single night of inadequate …

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune, inflammatory and neurodegenerative disease that affected approximately 2.8 million people globally in 2020 [ 1 ]. It presents with a range of central nervous system dysfunctions, leading to diverse …

Fatigue–a perceived lack of energy, tiredness, and/or exhaustion—is a common and impactful symptom across nearly every health condition [ 1 ], and is a cardinal characteristic of conditions such as multiple sclerosis (MS) [ 2 , 3 ] and fibromyalgia …

Mental disorders, also known as mental illnesses, are conditions that affect a person's thinking, mood, behavior, or overall sense of well-being. They affect 1 in 5 adults in the United States (U.S.) and cost approximately $280 billion dollars …