Top

Gepubliceerd in:

17-09-2024 | Empirical Research

Relationship between Perceived Family Resilience, Emotional Flexibility, and Anxiety Symptoms: a Parent–Adolescent Dyadic Perspective

Auteurs: Lu Ao, Xuan Cheng, Di An, Yuanyuan An, Guangzhe Yuan

Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Youth and Adolescence | Uitgave 2/2025

Abstract

Family resilience is crucial for individual’s psychological health. Previous studies explored the protective factors of anxiety at the individual level, with less attention paid to the impact of family interaction from a dyadic perspective. This study utilized the Actor–Partner Interdependence Mediation Model to investigate the relationship between family resilience, emotional flexibility, and anxiety symptoms. A sample of 2144 Chinese parent–adolescent dyads (36% upper grades of primary school, 64% secondary school, 49.39% girls; 70.38% mothers) was recruited. Perceived family resilience was inversely related to anxiety symptoms, directly or indirectly, through the mediation of emotional flexibility at the individual level. At the dyadic level, adolescents’ perceived family resilience was significantly associated with parents’ anxiety symptoms through their own or parents’ emotional flexibility. Parents’ perceived family resilience was inversely link to adolescents’ anxiety symptoms through parents’ emotional flexibility. Parents emotional flexibility also mediated the association between adolescents’ perceived family resilience and their anxiety symptoms. These findings contribute to understanding the intricate dynamics of family resilience and psychological outcomes in parent–child relationships under adversity, emphasizing the need for child-centered interventions to improve family members’ mental health.

vorige artikel The Bidirectional Relation Between Bullying/Victimization and Negative Automatic Thoughts among Children

volgende artikel Whether and How Family Functioning Relates to the Development of Self-Compassion and Emotion Regulation in Chinese Migrant Children? A Random Intercept Cross-Lagged Panel Analysis

Alleen toegankelijk voor geautoriseerde gebruikers

Aldao, A., Sheppes, G., & Gross, J. J. (2015). Emotion regulation flexibility. Cognitive Therapy Research, 39, 263–278. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-014-9662-4.CrossRef

An, Y. Q., Qi, S. S., Zeng, X. Y., Jin, T. L., & Cao, C. X. (2023). Family resilience theory in the risk coping context: evolution, value, and challenge. Advances in Psychological Science, 31(3), 428–442. https://doi.org/10.3724/SP.J.1042.2023.00428.CrossRef

An, Y., Cheng, X., Yue, J., & Yuan, G. (2024). A psychometric study of the revised Chinese version of the family resilience assessment scale among children disadvantaged due to family migration. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 50, 115–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnu.2024.03.013.CrossRefPubMed

Bailen, N. H., Green, L. M., & Thompson, R. J. (2019). Understanding emotion in adolescents: a review of emotional frequency, intensity, instability, and clarity. Emotion Review, 11(1), 63–73. https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073918768878.CrossRef

Beshai, S., Prentice, J. L., & Huang, V. (2018). Building blocks of emotional flexibility: trait mindfulness and self-compassion are associated with positive and negative mood shifts. Mindfulness, 9, 939–948. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-017-0833-8.CrossRef

Bradford, A. B., Burningham, K. L., Sandberg, J. G., & Johnson, L. N. (2017). The association between the parent–child relationship and symptoms of anxiety and depression: the roles of attachment and perceived spouse attachment behaviors. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 43(2), 291–307. https://doi.org/10.1111/jmft.12190.CrossRefPubMed

Coifman, K. G., & Summers, C. B. (2019). Understanding emotion inflexibility in risk for affective disease: integrating current research and finding a path forward. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 392. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00392.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Cook, W. L., & Kenny, D. A. (2005). The actor–partner interdependence model: a model of bidirectional effects in developmental studies. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 29(2), 101–109. https://doi.org/10.1080/01650250444000405.CrossRef

Cox, M. J., & Paley, B. (2003). Understanding families as systems. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 12(5), 193–196. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.01259.CrossRef

Eales, L., Ferguson, G. M., Gillespie, S., Smoyer, S., & Carlson, S. M. (2021). Family resilience and psychological distress in the COVID-19 pandemic: a mixed methods study. Developmental Psychology, 57(10), 1563–1581. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0001221.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Feng, L., Feng, J., Li, X., & An, Y. (2023). The dyadic effects of social support on anxiety among family members during COVID-19: the mediating role of perceived family resilience. Development and Psychopathology, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579423000329

Feng, Z. (2018). Childlessness and vulnerability of older people in China. Age and Ageing, 47(2), 275–281. https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afx137.CrossRefPubMed

Finklestein, M., Pagorek-Eshel, S., & Laufer, A. (2022). Adolescents’ individual resilience and its association with security threats, anxiety, and family resilience. Journal of Family Studies, 28(3), 1023–1039. https://doi.org/10.1080/13229400.2020.1778504.CrossRef

Fu, F., Chow, A., Li, J., & Cong, Z. (2018). Emotional flexibility: development and application of a scale in adolescent earthquake survivors. Psychological Trauma Theory Research, Practice, and Policy, 10(2), 246–252. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000278.CrossRefPubMed

Fu, X. L., Zhang, K., Chen, X. F., & Chen, Z. Y. (2023). Report on national mental health development in China (2021–2022). Beijing: Social Sciences Academic Press (China).

Galatzer-Levy, I. R., Burton, C. L., & Bonanno, G. A. (2012). Coping fexibility, potential traumatic life events, and resilience: a prospective study of college student. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 31, 542–567. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2012.31.6.542.CrossRef

Greenberg, L. S. (2017). Emotion-focused therapy (Revised ed.). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/15971-000

Greenberg, L. S. (2021). Changing emotion with emotion: a practitioner’s guide. American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/0000248-000

Green, K. H., van de Groep, S., Sweijen, S. W., Becht, A. I., Buijzen, M., de Leeuw, R. N. H., Remmerswaal, D., van der Zanden, R., Engels, R. C. M. E., & Crone, E. A. (2021). Mood and emotional reactivity of adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: short-term and long-term effects and the impact of social and socioeconomic stressors. Scientific Reports, 11(1), 11563. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-90851-x.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Gupta, S., & Bonanno, G. A. (2011). Complicated grief and deficits in emotional expressive flexibility. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 120(3), 635–643. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023541.CrossRefPubMed

Hasking, P., Dawkins, J., Gray, N., Wijeratne, P., & Boyes, M. (2020). Indirect effects of family functioning on non-suicidal self-injury and risky drinking: the roles of emotion reactivity and emotion regulation. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 29(7), 2070–2079. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-020-01722-4.CrossRef

Henry, C. S., Sheffield Morris, A., & Harrist, A. W. (2015). Family resilience: moving into the third wave. Family Relations, 64(1), 22–43. https://doi.org/10.1111/fare.12106.CrossRef

Herbell, K., Breitenstein, S. M., Melnyk, B. M., & Guo, J. (2020). Family resilience and flourishment: well-being among children with mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders. Research in Nursing & Health, 43(5), 465–477. https://doi.org/10.1002/nur.22066.CrossRef

Ho, Y. C. L., Chew, M. S. L., Mahirah, D., & Thumboo, J. (2022). Family resilience and psychological responses to COVID-19: a study of concordance and dyadic effects in Singapore households. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 770927. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.770927.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Hou, F., Bi, F., Jiao, R., Luo, D., & Song, K. (2020). Gender differences of depression and anxiety among social media users during the COVID-19 outbreak in China: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health, 20, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-09738-7.CrossRef

Houben, M., Van Den Noortgate, W., & Kuppens, P. (2015). The relation between short-term emotion dynamics and psychological well–being: a meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 141, 901–930. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038822.CrossRefPubMed

Hu, Q., Zhou, Y., Dong, P., Xu, C., & Zhang, Q. (2022). Contributors to well-being of Chinese left-behind families: a dyadic perspective from family resilience and grandparent-grandchild relationship. Child & Family Social Work, 28(3), 646–658. https://doi.org/10.1111/cfs.12991.CrossRef

İme, Y., & Ümmet, D. (2022). Adaptation of emotional flexibility scale: its association with subjective well-being and resilience during COVID-19 pandemic. Child Indicators Research, 15(6), 2141–2154. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12187-022-09959-9.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Isaacs, S. A., Roman, N. V., Savahl, S., & Sui, X. C. (2018). Adapting and validating the family resilience assessment scale in an Afrikaans rural community in South Africa. Community Mental Health Journal, 54(1), 73–83. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10597-017-0091-1.CrossRefPubMed

Jin, Z., Zhang, X., & Han, Z. R. (2017). Parental emotion socialization and child psychological adjustment among Chinese urban families: mediation through child emotion regulation and moderation through dyadic collaboration. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 2198 https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02198.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Kenny, D. A., & Ledermann, T. (2010). Detecting, measuring, and testing dyadic patterns in the actor–partner interdependence model. Journal of Family Psychology, 24(3), 359–366. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0019651.CrossRefPubMed

Kwan, J. L., & Chan, W. (2011). Comparing standardized coefficients in structural equation modeling: a model reparameterization approach. Behavior Research Methods, 43, 730–745. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-011-0088-6.CrossRefPubMed

Ledermann, T., Macho, S., & Kenny, D. A. (2011). Assessing mediation in dyadic data using the actor–partner interdependence model. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 18(4), 595–612. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705511.2011.607099.CrossRef

Lee, S. J., Ward, K. P., Chang, O. D., & Downing, K. M. (2021). Parenting activities and the transition to home-based education during the COVID-19 pandemic. Children and Youth Services Review, 122, 105585. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105585.CrossRefPubMed

Li, X., Zhang, X. F., Feng, X., & Han, L. (2018). Family functioning and peer relationship: multiple mediating roles of empathy and emotional regulation. Chinese Journal of Clinical Psychology, 26(01), 158–161. https://doi.org/10.16128/j.cnki.1005-3611.2018.01.035.CrossRef

Malhotra, N. K., Kim, S. S., & Patil, A. (2006). Common method variance in IS research: a comparison of alternative approaches and a reanalysis of past research. Management Science, 52(12), 1865–1883. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.1060.0597.CrossRef

Masten, A. S. (2018). Resilience theory and research on children and families: past, present, and promise. Journal of Family Theory & Review, 10(1), 12–31. https://doi.org/10.1111/jftr.12255.CrossRef

McGoron, L., Wargo Aikins, J., Trentacosta, C. J., Gómez, J. M., & Beeghly, M. (2022). School support, chaos, routines, and parents’ mental health during COVID-19 remote schooling. School Psychology, 37(2), 173–182. https://doi.org/10.1037/spq0000467.CrossRefPubMed

Miller-Slough, R. L., Zhu, D., Garner, P. W., & Dunsmore, J. C. (2023). Parents’ and friends’ responses to discrete negative emotions: associations with adolescent emotional experiences. Social Development, 32(1), 283–298. https://doi.org/10.1111/sode.12639.CrossRef

Morris, A. S., Silk, J. S., Steinberg, L., Myers, S. S., & Robinson, L. R. (2007). The role of the family context in the development of emotion regulation. Social Development, 16, 361–388. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9507.2007.00389.x.CrossRefPubMed

Morris, A. S., Criss, M. M., Silk, J. S., & Houltberg, B. J. (2017). The impact of parenting on emotion regulation during childhood and adolescence. Child Development Perspectives, 11(4), 233–238. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdep.12238.CrossRef

Mun, I. B. (2024). A longitudinal study on the effects of parental anxiety on mobile game addiction in adolescents: the mediating role of adolescent anxiety and loneliness. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 22(1), 560–577. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-022-00890-2.CrossRef

Pagorek-Eshel, S., & Finklestein, M. (2019). Family resilience among parent–adolescent dyads exposed to ongoing rocket fire. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 11(3), 283–291. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000397.CrossRefPubMed

Panchal, U., Salazar de Pablo, G., Franco, M., Moreno, C., Parellada, M., Arango, C., & Fusar-Poli, P. (2021). The impact of COVID-19 lockdown on child and adolescent mental health: systematic review. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 32(7), 1151–1177. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-021-01856-w.CrossRef

Peng, Y. H., Zhao, L., Li, X., Long, Y., Xu, X. M., Zhang, H. F., & Jiang, L. H. (2024). Effect of family functioning on adolescents’ internalizing and externalizing problem behaviors: the multiple mediating roles of empathy and emotional competence. Journal of Sichuan University (Medical Sciences), 55(1), 146–152. https://doi.org/10.12182/20240160507.CrossRefPubMed

Qiu, J. L., Li, J. Y., Fan, X. R., He, J., Fan, X. Z., & Hao, C. (2021). Analysing mediation effects in paired data based on actor–partner interdependent mediation models. Chinese Journal of Health Statistics, 38(5), 679–682.

Racine, N., McArthur, B. A., Cooke, J. E., Eirich, R., Zhu, J., & Madigan, S. (2021). Global prevalence of depressive and anxiety symptoms in children and adolescents during COVID-19: a meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatrics, 175(11), 1142–1150. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2021.2482.CrossRefPubMed

Reed, M., Bedard, C., Perlman, C. M., Browne, D. T., & Ferro, M. A. (2023). Family functioning and health-related quality of life in parents of children with mental illness. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 32(11), 3366–3377. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-023-02556-6.CrossRef

Russell, B. S., Hutchison, M., Tambling, R., Tomkunas, A. J., & Horton, A. L. (2020). Initial challenges of caregiving during COVID-19: Caregiver burden, mental health, and the parent–child relationship. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 51(5), 671–682. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-020-01037-x.CrossRef

Shenk, C. E., & Fruzzetti, A. E. (2011). The impact of validating and invalidating responses on emotional reactivity. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 30(2), 163–183. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2011.30.2.163.CrossRef

Silvers, J. A. (2022). Adolescence as a pivotal period for emotion regulation development. Current Opinion in Psychology, 44, 258–263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2021.09.023.CrossRefPubMed

Sixbey, M. T. (2005). Development of the family resilience assessment scale to identify family resilience constructs (Doctoral dissertation). University of Florida. ProQuest Dissertations Publishing.

Stapinski, L. A., Araya, R., Heron, J., Montgomery, A. A., & Stallard, P. (2015). Peer victimization during adolescence: Concurrent and prospective impact on symptoms of depression and anxiety. Anxiety, Stress, and Coping, 28(1), 105–120. https://doi.org/10.1080/10615806.2014.962023.CrossRefPubMed

Stone, L. L., Mares, S. H., Otten, R., Engels, R. C., & Janssens, J. M. (2016). The co-development of parenting stress and childhood internalizing and externalizing problems. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 38(1), 76–86. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-015-9500-3.CrossRefPubMed

Sun, J. C., Gao, Z. M., & Zheng, X. J. (2014). Understanding and intervention of emotion-focused therapy on emotion-related symptoms. Psychological Research, 7(4), 3–8.

Van der Giessen, D., & Bögels, S. M. (2018). Father-child and mother-child interactions with children with anxiety disorders: emotional expressivity and flexibility of dyads. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 46, 331–342. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-017-0271-z.CrossRefPubMed

Van der Giessen, D., Hollenstein, T., Hale, III, W. W., Koot, H. M., Meeus, W., & Branje, S. (2015). Emotional variability in mother–adolescent conflict interactions and internalizing problems of mothers and adolescents: dyadic and individual processes. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 43(2), 339–353. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-014-9910-9.CrossRefPubMed

Walsh, F. (2016). Family resilience: a developmental systems framework. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 13(3), 313–324. https://doi.org/10.1080/17405629.2016.1154035.CrossRef

Walsh, F. (2020). Loss and resilience in the time of COVID-19: meaning making, hope, and transcendence. Family Process, 59(3), 898–911. https://doi.org/10.1111/famp.12588.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Wang, G., Zhang, Y., Zhao, J., Zhang, J., & Jiang, F. (2020). Mitigate the effects of home confinement on children during the COVID-19 outbreak. The Lancet, 395(10228), 945–947. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30547-X.CrossRef

Wei, Y., Jiang, Q., & Gietel-Basten, S. (2016). The well-being of bereaved parents in an only-child society. Death Studies, 40(1), 22–31. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481187.2015.1056563.CrossRefPubMed

Wolff, J. C., Thomas, S. A., Hood, E., Bettis, A. H., Rizzo, C. J., & Liu, R. T. (2020). Application of the actor–partner interdependence model in parent–adolescent emotion regulation and depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 277, 733–741. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.08.075.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Wu, Y. L., Feng, X. Z., Liu, Y., Li, Y. Y., & Meng, L. L. (2023). Parental stress, resilience, and marriage quality: actor–partner interdependence modeling. Chinese Journal of Clinical Psychology, 31(2), 471–475+480.

Xin, S. F., Wang, J. R., Peng, H. Y., Xu, L. Q., Zhang, Y. L., & Sheng, L. (2023). The influence of negative life events on adolescent anxiety: the perspective of cognitive behavioral therapy. Psychological Development and Education, 39(5), 710–717.

Yan, X. Y., Zeng, H. T., Long, X. N., Peng, W. T., & Huang, W. (2024). The effect of parenting stress on children’s internalizing problems: based on tripartite model of familial influence theory and the spillover hypothesis. Chinese Journal of Clinical Psychology, 32(3), 660–665. https://doi.org/10.16128/j.cnki.1005-3611.2024.03.031.

Yin, J. X., Lin, X. Y., Tang, Y. Y., Zhang, H. Q., & Li, X. L. (2020). The discrepancies in parent–child perceptions of parenting: assessment, source, and effect. Journal of Beijing Normal University (Social Sciences), 0(4), 48–59.

Zhao, J., Xu, J., He, Y., & Xiang, M. (2022). Children and adolescents’ sleep patterns and their associations with mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic in Shanghai, China. Journal of Affective Disorders, 301, 337–344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2021.12.123.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Zhang, B., & Ding, J. H. (2023). Family structure, intergenerational relationship and marital stability: the modernity expansion and application of Fei Xiaotong’ s “Basic Triangle Theory”. Zhengjiang Social Sciences, (10), 77–84+156. https://doi.org/10.14167/j.zjss.2023.10.003.

Zhou, H., & Long, L. R. (2004). Statistical remedies for common method biases. Advances in Psychological Science, 12(6), 942–950.

Zhuo, R., Yu, Y., & Shi, X. (2022). Family resilience and adolescent mental health during COVID-19: a moderated mediation model. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(8), 4801. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084801.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Zung, W. W. (1971). A rating instrument for anxiety disorders. Psychosomatics: Journal of Consultation and Liaison Psychiatry, 12(6), 371–379. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0033-3182(71)71479-0.CrossRef

Titel: Relationship between Perceived Family Resilience, Emotional Flexibility, and Anxiety Symptoms: a Parent–Adolescent Dyadic Perspective
Auteurs: Lu Ao
Xuan Cheng
Di An
Yuanyuan An
Guangzhe Yuan
Publicatiedatum: 17-09-2024
Uitgeverij: Springer US
Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Youth and Adolescence / Uitgave 2/2025
Print ISSN: 0047-2891
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-6601
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-024-02083-7

Andere artikelen Uitgave 2/2025

The Bidirectional Relation Between Bullying/Victimization and Negative Automatic Thoughts among Children

Empirical Research

Linking Daily Victimization to Daily Affect Among Adolescents: The Mediating Role of Sleep Quality and Disturbance

Empirical Research

Social Support and Non-Suicidal Self-Injury in Adolescents: The Differential Influences of Family, Friends, and Teachers

Empirical Research

Whether and How Family Functioning Relates to the Development of Self-Compassion and Emotion Regulation in Chinese Migrant Children? A Random Intercept Cross-Lagged Panel Analysis

Empirical Research

Corresponding Changes in Sleep and Discrimination: A Three-year Longitudinal Study Among Ethnically/Racially Diverse Adolescents

Empirical Research

Longitudinal Associations between Adolescents’ Character Attributes and Civic Actions

Empirical Research

Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

Welkom bij Erasmus MC & Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

Registreer

Login

Relationship between Perceived Family Resilience, Emotional Flexibility, and Anxiety Symptoms: a Parent–Adolescent Dyadic Perspective

Abstract

Andere artikelen Uitgave 2/2025

The Bidirectional Relation Between Bullying/Victimization and Negative Automatic Thoughts among Children

Linking Daily Victimization to Daily Affect Among Adolescents: The Mediating Role of Sleep Quality and Disturbance

Social Support and Non-Suicidal Self-Injury in Adolescents: The Differential Influences of Family, Friends, and Teachers

Whether and How Family Functioning Relates to the Development of Self-Compassion and Emotion Regulation in Chinese Migrant Children? A Random Intercept Cross-Lagged Panel Analysis

Corresponding Changes in Sleep and Discrimination: A Three-year Longitudinal Study Among Ethnically/Racially Diverse Adolescents

Longitudinal Associations between Adolescents’ Character Attributes and Civic Actions

Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

Welkom bij Erasmus MC & Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

Registreer

Login

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

Abstract

Log in om toegang te krijgen

The Bidirectional Relation Between Bullying/Victimization and Negative Automatic Thoughts among Children

Linking Daily Victimization to Daily Affect Among Adolescents: The Mediating Role of Sleep Quality and Disturbance

Social Support and Non-Suicidal Self-Injury in Adolescents: The Differential Influences of Family, Friends, and Teachers

Whether and How Family Functioning Relates to the Development of Self-Compassion and Emotion Regulation in Chinese Migrant Children? A Random Intercept Cross-Lagged Panel Analysis

Corresponding Changes in Sleep and Discrimination: A Three-year Longitudinal Study Among Ethnically/Racially Diverse Adolescents

Longitudinal Associations between Adolescents’ Character Attributes and Civic Actions