Top

Gepubliceerd in:

22-01-2025 | Original Paper

Post-Traumatic Stress Symptoms in Parents and Parent-Reported Child Mental Health during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Survey

Auteurs: Stefanie M. Jungmann, Laura Dietl

Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Child and Family Studies | Uitgave 3/2025

Abstract

Pandemics such as the COVID-19 pandemic can cause stress and psychopathological symptoms, particularly in parents and families. To date, few studies have examined post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) before and during the pandemic in parents and related risk factors as well as associations with children’s psychological symptoms. Therefore, in this cross-sectional online study parents (N = 670, 90% female, M = 38.5, SD = 6.5) were asked about their own psychopathological symptoms (anxiety, depression, PTSS; current and retrospective) and their children’s psychological symptoms. Results showed that parents report most strongly PTSS symptoms during the pandemic compared to pre-pandemic retrospective recall (d = 0.84; anxiety and depression d ≤ 0.63), with parents observing emotional symptoms in their children in particular (d = 0.46, other domains d ≤ 31). While 11.8% of parents reported elevated scores for PTSS before the pandemic, 22.7% did so during the pandemic. Between child and parental psychopathology, the strongest associations were found between child emotional problems and parental PTSS, anxiety, and depression (r ≥ 0.36). Depressive symptoms and PTSS before the pandemic accounted for incremental variance in PTSS during the pandemic (in addition to sociodemographic variables and stress level during the pandemic). The findings suggest that the COVID-19 pandemic may also represent a traumatic event and parental PTSS may be significantly related to child stress, implying special consideration of family/family dynamics in times of crisis.

vorige artikel Chinese Mothers’ Perspectives on Supporting Young Children’s Language Development Through Dialogic Reading and Co-Viewing

volgende artikel “The Pain is on All of Us”: A Qualitative Study of Parents’ Experiences Using Physical Punishment on Children

American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596.

Benke, C., Asselmann, E., Entringer, T. M., & Pané-Farré, C. A. (2022). The role of pre-pandemic depression for changes in depression, anxiety, and loneliness during the COVID-19 pandemic: Results from a longitudinal probability sample of adults from Germany. European Psychiatry: The Journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists, 65(1), e76. https://doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2022.2339.CrossRefPubMed

Van den Bergh, O., & Walentynowicz, M. (2016). Accuracy and bias in retrospective symptom reporting. Current Opinion Psychiatry, 29(5), 302–308. https://doi.org/10.1097/YCO.0000000000000267.CrossRef

Breslau, N., Peterson, E. L., Kessler, R. C., & Schultz, L. R. (1999). Short screening scale for DSM-IV posttraumatic stress disorder. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 156(6), 908–911. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.156.6.908.CrossRefPubMed

Brown, S. M., Doom, J. R., Lechuga-Peña, S., Watamura, S. E., & Koppels, T. (2020). Stress and parenting during the global COVID-19 pandemic. Child Abuse & Neglect, 110, 104699. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104699.CrossRef

Calvano, C., Engelke, L., Di Bella, J., Kindermann, J., Renneberg, B., & Winter, S. M. (2022). Families in the COVID-19 pandemic: Parental stress, parent mental health and the occurrence of adverse childhood experiences-results of a representative survey in Germany. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 31(7), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-021-01739-0.CrossRef

Chi, X., Becker, B., Yu, Q., Willeit, P., Jiao, C., Huang, L., Hossain, M. M., Grabovac, I., Yeung, A., Lin, J., Veronese, N., Wang, J., Zhou, X., Doig, S. R., Liu, X., Carvalho, A. F., Yang, L., Xiao, T., Zou, L., & Solmi, M. (2020). Prevalence and psychosocial correlates of mental health outcomes among chinese college students during the Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11, 803. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00803.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Conger, R. D., Conger, K. J., & Martin, M. J. (2010). Socioeconomic status, family processes, and individual development. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 72(3), 685–704. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2010.00725.x.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Cooke, J. E., Eirich, R., Racine, N., & Madigan, S. (2020). Prevalence of posttraumatic and general psychological stress during COVID-19: A rapid review and meta-analysis. Psychiatry Research, 292, 113347. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113347.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Crescentini, C., Feruglio, S., Matiz, A., Paschetto, A., Vidal, E., Cogo, P., & Fabbro, F. (2020). Stuck outside and inside: An exploratory study on the effects of the COVID-19 outbreak on Italian parents and children’s internalizing symptoms. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 586074. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.586074.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Ebrahim, A. H., Saif, Z., Buheji, M., AlBasri, N., Al-Husaini, F., & Jahrami, H. (2020). COVID-19 information-seeking behavior and anxiety symptoms among parents. OSP J Health Car Med(1), HCM-1-105. https://www.ospublishers.com/pdf/HCM-1-105.pdf.

Eisenhower, D., Mathiowetz, N.A., Morganstein, D. (2004) Recall error: sources and bias reduction In Biemer P.P., Groves R.M., Lyberg L.E., Mathiowetz N.A., Sudman S. (eds) Measurement Error in Surveys (2nd ed.), pp. 127–144, Chichester, John Wiley & Sons.

Fegert, J. M., Vitiello, B., Plener, P. L., & Clemens, V. (2020). Challenges and burden of the Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic for child and adolescent mental health: A narrative review to highlight clinical and research needs in the acute phase and the long return to normality. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 14, 20. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13034-020-00329-3.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Finney, H. C. (1981). Improving the Reliability of Retrospective Survey Measures: Results of a Longitudinal Field Survey. Evaluation Review, 5(2), 207–229. https://doi.org/10.1177/0193841X8100500204.CrossRef

Di Giorgio, E., Di Riso, D., Mioni, G., & Cellini, N. (2021). The interplay between mothers’ and children behavioral and psychological factors during COVID-19: An Italian study. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 30, 1401–1412. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-020-01631-3.CrossRef

Goodman, R. (1997). The strengths and difficulties questionnaire: A research note. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 38(5), 581–586. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.1997.tb01545.x.CrossRefPubMed

Gunlicks, M. L. & Weissman, M. M. (2008). Change in child psychopathology with improvement in parental depression: a systematic review. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 47(4), 379–389. https://doi.org/10.1097/CHI.0b013e3181640805.CrossRefPubMed

Hankin, B. L. L., & Abela, J. R. R. Z. (2005). Development of Psychopathology: A Vulnerability-Stress Perspective. SAGE Publications. http://site.ebrary.com/lib/alltitles/docDetail.action?docID=10581467.

Hayes, A. F., & Coutts, J. J. (2020). Use Omega Rather than Cronbach’s Alpha for Estimating Reliability. But…. Communication Methods and Measures, 14(1), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1080/19312458.2020.1718629.CrossRef

Hayes, A. F. (2017). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. Guilford Press.

Henry, B., Moffitt, T. E., Caspi, A., Langley, J. & Silva, P. A. (1994). On the "remembrance of things past": A longitudinal evaluation of the retrospective method. Psychological Assessment, 6(2), 92–101. https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.6.2.92.

Heron-Delaney, M., Kenardy, J., Charlton, E., & Matsuoka, Y. (2013). A systematic review of predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) for adult road traffic crash survivors. Injury, 44(11), 1413–1422. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.injury.2013.07.011.CrossRefPubMed

Hosman, C. M. H., van Doesum, K. T. M., & van Santvoort, F. (2009). Prevention of emotional problems and psychiatric risks in children of parents with a mental illness in the Netherlands: I. The scientific basis to a comprehensive approach. Australian E-Journal for the Advancement of Mental Health, 8(3), 250–263. https://doi.org/10.5172/jamh.8.3.250.CrossRef

Huang, Y., & Zhao, N. (2020). Generalized anxiety disorder, depressive symptoms and sleep quality during COVID-19 outbreak in China: A web-based cross-sectional survey. Psychiatry Research, 288, 112954. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112954.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Hyland, P., Karatzias, T., Shevlin, M., Cloitre, M., & Ben-Ezra, M. (2020). A longitudinal study of ICD-11 PTSD and complex PTSD in the general population of Israel. Psychiatry Research, 286, 112871. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112871.CrossRefPubMed

IBM Corp. (2015). IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows (Version 23.0) [Computer software]. IBM Corp. Armonk, NY.

Leiner, D. J. (2024). SoSci Survey (Version 3.5.02) [Computer software]. Available at https://www.soscisurvey.de.

Jungmann, S., Grebinyk, G., & Witthöft, M. (2023). Parents’ views of psychological research with children: Barriers, benefits, personality, and psychopathology. PLOS ONE, 18(6), e0287339. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0287339.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Karatzias, T., Shevlin, M., Murphy, J., McBride, O., Ben-Ezra, M., Bentall, R. P., Vallières, F., & Hyland, P. (2020). Posttraumatic stress symptoms and associated comorbidity during the COVID-19 pandemic in Ireland: A population-based study. Journal of Traumatic Stress. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22565.

Kaubisch, L. T., Reck, C., von Tettenborn, A., & Woll, C. F. J. (2022). The COVID-19 pandemic as a traumatic event and the associated psychological impact on families - A systematic review. Journal of Affective Disorders, 319, 27–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2022.08.109.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Kazak, A. E., Alderfer, M., Enlow, P. T., Lewis, A. M., Vega, G., Barakat, L., Kassam-Adams, N., Pai, A., Canter, K. S., Hildenbrand, A. K., McDonnell, G. A., Price, J., Schultz, C., Sood, E., & Phan, T. L. (2021). COVID-19 exposure and family impact scales: Factor structure and initial psychometrics. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 46(5), 504–513. https://doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/jsab026.

Kerns, C. E., Elkins, R. M., Carpenter, A. L., Chou, T., Green, J. G. & Comer, J. S. (2014). Caregiver distress, shared traumatic exposure, and child adjustment among area youth following the 2013 Boston Marathon bombing. Journal of affective disorders, 167, 50–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2014.05.040.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Kessler, R. C. (2000). Posttraumatic stress disorder: The burden to the individual and to society. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 61, 4–12.PubMed

Klasen, H., Woerner, W., Rothenberger, A. & & Goodman, R. Die deutscheFassung des Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ-Deu)--Ubersicht undBewertung erster Validierungs- und Normierungsbefunde [German version of theStrength and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ-German)--overview and evaluation ofinitial validation and normative results]. P. Praxis der Kinderpsychologie undKinderpsychiatrie, 52(7), 491–502.

Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., & Williams, J. B. W. (2003). The patient health questionnaire-2: Validity of a two-item depression screener. Medical Care, 41(11), 1284–1292. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.MLR.0000093487.78664.3C.CrossRefPubMed

Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., Williams, J. B., & Löwe, B. (2009). An ultra-brief screening scale for anxiety and depression: The PHQ–4. Psychosomatics, 50(6), 613–621. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0033-3182(09)70864-3.CrossRefPubMed

Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., Williams, J. B. W., Monahan, P. O., & Löwe, B. (2007). Anxiety disorders in primary care: Prevalence, impairment, comorbidity, and detection. Annals of Internal Medicine, 146(5), 317–325. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-146-5-200703060-00004.CrossRefPubMed

Lauri Korajlija, A., & Jokic-Begic, N. (2020). Covid-19: Concerns and behaviours in Croatia. British Journal of Health Psychology. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjhp.12425.

Lee, S., & First, J. M. (2022). Mental health impacts of tornadoes: a systematic review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(21), 13747. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192113747.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Liu, N., Zhang, F., Wei, C., Jia, Y., Shang, Z., Sun, L., Wu, L., Sun, Z., Zhou, Y., Wang, Y., & Liu, W. (2020). Prevalence and predictors of PTSS during COVID-19 outbreak in China hardest-hit areas: Gender differences matter. Psychiatry Research, 287, 112921. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112921.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Loret de Mola, C., Martins-Silva, T., Carpena, M. X., Del-Ponte, B., Blumenberg, C., Martins, R. C., Dias, I. M., Terribele, F. B., de Avila, A. B., Marmitt, L. P., Meucci, R., & Cesar, J. A. (2021). Maternal mental health before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in the 2019 Rio Grande birth cohort. Revista Brasileira De Psiquiatria (Sao Paulo, Brazil: 1999), 43(4), 402–406. https://doi.org/10.1590/1516-4446-2020-1673.CrossRefPubMed

Löwe, B., Wahl, I., Rose, M., Spitzer, C., Glaesmer, H., Wingenfeld, K., Schneider, A., & Brähler, E. (2010). A 4-item measure of depression and anxiety: Validation and standardization of the Patient Health Questionnaire-4 (PHQ-4) in the general population. Journal of Affective Disorders, 122(1-2), 86–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2009.06.019.CrossRefPubMed

Menning, H., Renz, A., Seifert, J., & Maercker, A. (2008). Reduced mismatch negativity in posttraumatic stress disorder: A compensatory mechanism for chronic hyperarousal? International Journal of Psychophysiology: Official Journal of the International Organization of Psychophysiology, 68(1), 27–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2007.12.003.CrossRefPubMed

Moghanibashi-Mansourieh, A. (2020). Assessing the anxiety level of Iranian general population during COVID-19 outbreak. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 51, 102076. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102076.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Öztaş Ayhan, H. & Işiksal, S. (2005). Memory recall errors in retrospective surveys: A reverse record check study. Quality & Quantity, 38(5), 475–493. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-005-2643-7.CrossRef

Pierce, M., Hope, H., Ford, T., Hatch, S., Hotopf, M., John, A., Kontopantelis, E., Webb, R., Wessely, S., McManus, S., & Abel, K. M. (2020). Mental health before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: a longitudinal probability sample survey of the UK population. The Lancet Psychiatry. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30308-4.

Prime, H., Wade, M., & Browne, D. T. (2020). Risk and resilience in family well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic. The American Psychologist, 75(5), 631–643. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000660.CrossRefPubMed

Qiu, J., Shen, B., Zhao, M., Wang, Z., Xie, B., & Xu, Y. (2020). A nationwide survey of psychological distress among Chinese people in the COVID-19 epidemic: Implications and policy recommendations. General Psychiatry, 33(2), e100213. https://doi.org/10.1136/gpsych-2020-100213.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Robert Koch Institute. (2020a). Daily management report of the RKI on Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) 19.05.2020 - updated Status for Germany. https://www.rki.de/DE/Content/InfAZ/N/Neuartiges_Coronavirus/Situationsberichte/2020-05-19-en.pdf?__blob=publicationFile.

Robert Koch Institute. (2020b). Daily management report of the RKI on Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) 15.07.2020 - updated Status for Germany. https://www.rki.de/DE/Content/InfAZ/N/Neuartiges_Coronavirus/Situationsberichte/2020-07-15-en.pdf?__blob=publicationFile.

Rossi, R., Socci, V., Talevi, D., Mensi, S., Niolu, C., Pacitti, F., Di Marco, A., Rossi, A., Siracusano, A., & Di Lorenzo, G. (2020). Covid-19 pandemic and lockdown measures impact on mental health among the general population in Italy. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11, 790. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00790.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Rothenberger, A., Becker, A., Erhart, M., Wille, N., & Ravens-Sieberer, U. (2008). Psychometric properties of the parent strengths and difficulties questionnaire in the general population of German children and adolescents: Results of the BELLA study. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 17, 99–105. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-008-1011-2.CrossRef

Russell, B. S., Hutchison, M., Tambling, R., Tomkunas, A. J., & Horton, A. L. (2020). Initial challenges of caregiving during COVID-19: Caregiver burden, mental health, and the parent-child relationship. Child Psychiatry and Human Development. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-020-01037-x.

Sanchez-Gomez, M., Giorgi, G., Finstad, G. L., Urbini, F., Foti, G., Mucci, N., Zaffina, S., & León-Perez, J. M. (2021). Covid-19 pandemic as a traumatic event and its associations with fear and mental health: A cognitive-activation approach. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(14), 7422. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18147422.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Selimbasic, Z., Sinanovic, O., & Avdibegovic, E. (2012). Psychosocial problems among children of parents with posttraumatic stress disorder. Medical Archives (Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina), 66(5), 304–308. https://doi.org/10.5455/medarh.2012.66.304-308.CrossRefPubMed

Siegrist, P., & Maercker, A. (2010). Deutsche Fassung der Short Screening Scale for DSM-IV Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Aktueller Stand der Validierung. Trauma & Gewalt, 3(3), 208–213.

Sohrabi, C., Alsafi, Z., O’Neill, N., Khan, M., Kerwan, A., Al-Jabir, A., Iosifidis, C., & Agha, R. (2020). World Health Organization declares global emergency: A review of the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19). International Journal of Surgery, 76, 71–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsu.2020.02.034.CrossRefPubMed

Spina, G., Giordano, F., Cristofolini, F., Landoni, M., Grazioli, S., Viggiani, C., Gnagnarella, C., & Simione, L. (2023). Mental health of mothers and children during the COVID-19 lockdown: A cross-sectional study on a large sample of Italian families. Journal of Child and Family Studies. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-023-02638-5.

Spinelli, M., Lionetti, F., Pastore, M., & Fasolo, M. (2020). Parents’ stress and children’s psychological problems in families facing the COVID-19 outbreak in Italy. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 1713. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01713.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Sprang, G., & Silman, M. (2013). Posttraumatic stress disorder in parents and youth after health-related disasters. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness, 7(1), 105–110. https://doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2013.22.CrossRefPubMed

Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (1996). Using Multivariate Statistics (3rd ed.). Harper Collins.

Vallejo-Slocker, L., Fresneda, J., & Vallejo, M. A. (2020). Psychological wellbeing of vulnerable children during the COVID-19 pandemic. Psicothema, 32(4), 501–507. https://doi.org/10.7334/psicothema2020.218.CrossRefPubMed

Veldhuis, C. B., Nesoff, E. D., McKowen, A. L. W., Rice, D. R., Ghoneima, H., Wootton, A. R., Papautsky, E.L., Arigo, D., Goldberg, S. & Anderson, J. C. (2021). Addressing the critical need for long-term mentalhealth data during the COVID-19 pandemic: Changes in mental health from April to September 2020. Preventive Medicine, 146, 106465. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2021.106465.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Wang, C., Pan, R., Wan, X., Tan, Y., Xu, L., McIntyre, R. S., Choo, F. N., Tran, B., Ho, R., Sharma, V. K., & Ho, C. (2020). A longitudinal study on the mental health of general population during the COVID-19 epidemic in China. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 87, 40–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.028.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Weiss, D. S., & Marmar, C. R. (1997). The Impact of Event Scale - Revised. In J. P. Wilson T. M. Keane (Eds.), Assessing psychological trauma and PTSD (pp. 399–411). The Guilford Press.

Wittchen, H. U., Zaudig, M., & Fydrich, T. (1997). SKID; Strukturiertes KlinischesInterview fuer DSM-IV; Users Guide for the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV. Hogrefe.

Woerner, W., Becker, A., & Rothenberger, A. (2004). Normative data and scale properties of the German parent SDQ. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 13, II3–II10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-004-2002-6.CrossRef

Yunitri, N., Chu, H., Kang, X. L., Jen, H. ‑J., Pien, L. ‑C., Tsai, H. ‑T., Kamil, A. R., & Chou, K. ‑R. (2022). Global prevalence and associated risk factors of posttraumatic stress disorder during COVID-19 pandemic: A meta-analysis. International J Nursing Studies, 126, 104136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2021.104136.CrossRef

Zhen, B., Yao, B. & Zhou, X. (2022). How does parent-child communication affects posttraumatic stress disorder and growth in adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic? The mediating roles of self-compassion and disclosure. Journal of Affective Disorders, 306, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2022.03.029.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Titel: Post-Traumatic Stress Symptoms in Parents and Parent-Reported Child Mental Health during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Survey
Auteurs: Stefanie M. Jungmann
Laura Dietl
Publicatiedatum: 22-01-2025
Uitgeverij: Springer US
Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Child and Family Studies / Uitgave 3/2025
Print ISSN: 1062-1024
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-2843
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-025-03011-4

Andere artikelen Uitgave 3/2025

The Influence of Family Conflict on Adolescent Digital Self-Harm

Original Paper

Theory of Mind and Psychopathology: The Differential Impact of Temperament Group Membership

Original Paper

Chinese Mothers’ Perspectives on Supporting Young Children’s Language Development Through Dialogic Reading and Co-Viewing

Original Paper

Adolescent Fathers’ Experiences: A Qualitative Study

Open Access
Original Paper

Parenting Behaviors and Adolescents’ Self-Control: The Role of Adolescent Sociodemographic Characteristics

Original Paper

Subsystem Dynamics in Chinese Multi-Child Families: Relating Harmony and Discord to Parental Burnout and Adolescent Loneliness

Original Paper

Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

Welkom bij Erasmus MC & Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

Registreer

Login

Post-Traumatic Stress Symptoms in Parents and Parent-Reported Child Mental Health during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Survey

Abstract

Andere artikelen Uitgave 3/2025

The Influence of Family Conflict on Adolescent Digital Self-Harm

Theory of Mind and Psychopathology: The Differential Impact of Temperament Group Membership

Chinese Mothers’ Perspectives on Supporting Young Children’s Language Development Through Dialogic Reading and Co-Viewing

Adolescent Fathers’ Experiences: A Qualitative Study

Parenting Behaviors and Adolescents’ Self-Control: The Role of Adolescent Sociodemographic Characteristics

Subsystem Dynamics in Chinese Multi-Child Families: Relating Harmony and Discord to Parental Burnout and Adolescent Loneliness

Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

Welkom bij Erasmus MC & Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

Registreer

Login

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

Abstract

Log in om toegang te krijgen

The Influence of Family Conflict on Adolescent Digital Self-Harm

Theory of Mind and Psychopathology: The Differential Impact of Temperament Group Membership

Chinese Mothers’ Perspectives on Supporting Young Children’s Language Development Through Dialogic Reading and Co-Viewing

Adolescent Fathers’ Experiences: A Qualitative Study

Parenting Behaviors and Adolescents’ Self-Control: The Role of Adolescent Sociodemographic Characteristics

Subsystem Dynamics in Chinese Multi-Child Families: Relating Harmony and Discord to Parental Burnout and Adolescent Loneliness