Top

Gepubliceerd in:

24-08-2024 | Empirical Research

Examining Self-Regulation and Problematic Smartphone Use in Canadian Adolescents: A Parallel Latent Growth Modeling Approach

Auteurs: Bowen Xiao, Haoyu Zhao, Claire Hein-Salvi, Natasha Parent, Jennifer D. Shapka

Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Youth and Adolescence | Uitgave 2/2025

Abstract

Despite extensive research on the prevalence and mental health implications of problematic smartphone use in adolescents, the cognitive mechanisms underpinning its development, such as self-regulation, remain underexplored. This study aims to fill this research gap by investigating the developmental trajectories of self-regulation and problematic smartphone use among Canadian adolescents. Participants (N = 1303; 614 girls; Mage = 14.60 years, SD = 1.16 years) attended one of five public high schools in Southern British Columbia. Adolescents self-reported their self-regulation skills, as well as problematic smartphone use annually for three years. In line with developmental expectations, results indicated that both self-regulation and problematic smartphone use increased across the three years. Parallel latent growth models revealed significant intercept and positive slope differences for self-regulation and problematic smartphone use, showing that higher initial self-regulation predicted lower initial problematic smartphone use, and vice versa. Girls exhibited higher initial levels of problematic smartphone use, but gender differences in developmental trajectories were not observed. These findings emphasize the importance of early self-regulation skills in preventing the escalation of problematic smartphone use in adolescents, providing evidence-based insights for developing targeted interventions.

vorige artikel The Interplay Between Personal Identity and Social Identity Among Vocational High School Students: A Three-Wave Longitudinal Study

volgende artikel Longitudinal Associations between Future Time Perspective, Sleep Problems, and Depressive Symptoms among Chinese College Students: Between‐ and within‐Person Effects

Ajzen, I. & Madden, T. J. (1986). Prediction of goal-directed behavior: Attitudes, intentions, and perceived behavioral control. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 22(5), 453–474. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1031(86)90045-4.CrossRef

Atherton, O. E., Lawson, K. M. & Robins, R. W. (2020). The development of effortful control from late childhood to young adulthood. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 119(2), 417–456. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000283.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Bae, E. J., & Nam, S. H. (2023). How mothers’ problematic smartphone use affects adolescents’ problematic smartphone use: Mediating roles of time mothers spend with adolescents and adolescents’ self-esteem. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 16, 885–892. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S401515.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Baumeister, R. F., & Leary, M. R. (1995). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117(3), 497–529. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.117.3.497.CrossRefPubMed

Billieux, J., & Van der Linden, M. (2012). Problematic use of the Internet and self-regulation: A review of the initial studies. The Open Addiction Journal, 5(1), 24–29. https://doi.org/10.2174/1874941001205010024.CrossRef

Bowers, E. P., Gestsdottir, S., Geldhof, G. J., Nikitin, J., von Eye, A., & Lerner, R. M. (2011). Developmental trajectories of intentional self regulation in adolescence: The role of parenting and implications for positive and problematic outcomes among diverse youth. Journal of Adolescence, 34(6), 1193–1206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2011.07.006.CrossRefPubMed

Brand, M., Wegmann, E., Stark, R., Müller, A., Wölfling, K., Robbins, T. W. & Potenza, M. N. (2019). The Interaction of Person-Affect-Cognition-Execution (I-PACE) model for addictive behaviors: Update, generalization to addictive behaviors beyond internet-use disorders, and specification of the process character of addictive behaviors. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 104, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.06.032.CrossRef

Burnell, K., Andrade, F. C. & Hoyle, R. H. (2023). Longitudinal and daily associations between adolescent self- control and digital technology use. Developmental Psychology, 59(4), 720–732. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0001444.CrossRefPubMed

Cao, F., Su, L., Liu, T., & Gao, X. (2007). The relationship between impulsivity and Internet addiction in a sample of Chinese adolescents. European Psychiatry, 22(7), 466–471. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2007.05.004.CrossRefPubMed

Cattelino, E., Testa, S., Calandri, E., Fedi, A., Gattino, S., Graziano, F., & Begotti, T. (2023). Self-efficacy, subjective well-being and positive coping in adolescents with regard to Covid-19 lockdown. Current Psychology, 42(20), 17304–17315. https://doi.org/10.7334/psicothema2022.254.CrossRef

Chang, F. C., Chiu, C. H., Chen, P. H., Chiang, J. T., Miao, N. F., Chuang, H. Y., & Liu, S. (2019). Children’s use of mobile devices, smartphone addiction and parental mediation in Taiwan. Computers in Human Behavior, 93, 25–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2018.11.048.CrossRef

Cheung, G. W., & Rensvold, R. B. (2002). Evaluating goodness-of-fit indexes for testing measurement invariance. Structural Equation modeling, 9(2), 233–255. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15328007SEM0902_5.CrossRef

Coskun, S. & Karayagiz Muslu, G. (2019). Investigation of Problematic Mobile Phones Use and Fear of Missing Out (FoMO) Level in Adolescents. Community Ment Health, 55, 1004–1014. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10597-019-00422-8.CrossRef

Coyne, S. M., Stockdale, L., & Summers, K. (2019). Problematic cell phone use, depression, anxiety, and self-regulation: Evidence from a three year longitudinal study from adolescence to emerging adulthood. Computers in Human Behavior, 96, 78–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2019.02.014.CrossRef

Dahl, R. E. (2004). Adolescent brain development: A period of vulnerabilities and opportunities. Keynote address. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1021(1), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1196/annals.1308.001.CrossRefPubMed

De-Sola Gutiérrez, J., Rodríguez de Fonseca, F., & Rubio, G. (2016). Cell-phone addiction: A review. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 7, 216511. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00175.CrossRef

Elhai, J. D., Tiamiyu, M. F., Weeks, J. W., Levine, J. C., Picard, K. J., & Hall, B. J. (2018). Depression and emotion regulation predict objective smartphone use measured over one week. Personality and Individual Differences, 133, 21–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.04.051.CrossRef

Emirtekin, E., Balta, S., Sural, İ., Kircaburun, K., Griffiths, M. D., & Billieux, J. (2019). The role of childhood emotional maltreatment and body image dissatisfaction in problematic smartphone use among adolescents. Psychiatry Research, 271, 634–639. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2018.12.059.CrossRefPubMed

Fabio, R. A., Stracuzzi, A., & Lo Faro, R. (2022). Problematic smartphone use leads to behavioral and cognitiveself-control deficits. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(12), 7445. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19127445.

Fomina, T. G., Potanina, A. M., & Morosanova, V. I. (2020). The relationship between school engagement and conscious self-regulation of learning activity: The current state of the problem and research perspectives in Russia and abroad. RUDN Journal of Psychology and Pedagogics, 17(3), 390–411. https://doi.org/10.22363/2313-1683-2020-17-3-390-411.CrossRef

Gao, Q., Jia, G., Fu, E., Olufadi, Y., & Huang, Y. (2020). A configurational investigation of smartphone use disorder among adolescents in three educational levels. Addictive Behaviors, 103, 106231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.106231.CrossRefPubMed

Griffin, K. W., Lowe, S. R., Acevedo, B. P., & Botvin, G. J. (2015). Affective self-regulation trajectories during secondary school predict substance use among urban minority young adults. Journal of Child & Adolescent Substance Abuse, 24(4), 228–234. https://doi.org/10.1080/1067828X.2013.812530.CrossRef

Gross, J. J. (2015). Emotion regulation: Current status and future prospects. Psychological Inquiry, 26(1), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1080/1047840X.2014.940781.

Helle, L., Laakkonen, E., Tuijula, T., & Vermunt, J. D. (2013). The developmental trajectory of perceived self‐regulation, personal interest, and general achievement throughout high school: A longitudinal study. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 83(2), 252–266. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjep.12014.CrossRefPubMed

Horwood, S., & Anglim, J. (2021). Emotion regulation difficulties, personality, and problematic smartphone use. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 24(4), 275–281. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2020.0328.CrossRefPubMed

Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118.CrossRef

Hughes, N., & Burke, J. (2018). Sleeping with the frenemy: How restricting ‘bedroom use’ of smartphones impacts happiness and wellbeing. Computers in Human Behavior, 85, 236–244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2018.03.047.CrossRef

Kim, B., ra Han, S., Park, E. J., Yoo, H., Suh, S., & Shin, Y. (2021). The relationship between mother’s smartphone addiction and children’s smartphone usage. Psychiatry investigation, 18(2), 126–131. https://doi.org/10.30773/pi.2020.0338.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Kim, S. C., Yoon, D., & Han, E. K. (2016). Antecedents of mobile app usage among smartphone users. Journal of Marketing Communications, 22(6), 653–670. https://doi.org/10.1080/13527266.2014.951065.

Kim, H. J., Min, J. Y., Min, K. B., Lee, T. J. & Yoo, S. (2018a). Relationship among family environment, self-control, friendship quality, and adolescents' smartphone addiction in South Korea: Findings from nationwide data. PloS one, 13(2), e0190896.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Kim, Y. J., Jang, H. M., Lee, Y., Lee, D., & Kim, D. J. (2018b). Effects of internet and smartphone addictions ondepression and anxiety based on propensity score matching analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(5), 859. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15050859.

Kwon, M., Lee, J. Y., Won, W. Y., Park, J. W., Min, J. A., Hahn, C., & Kim, D. J. (2013b). Development and validation of a smartphone addiction scale (SAS). PLoS ONE, 8(2), e56936 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0056936.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Kwon, M., Kim, D. J., Cho, H., & Yang, S. (2013a). The smartphone addiction scale: development and validation of a short version for adolescents. PLoS ONE, 8(12), e83558 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0083558.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Lai, X., Huang, S., Nie, C., Yan, J. J., Li, Y., Wang, Y., & Luo, Y. (2022). Trajectory of problematic smartphone use among adolescents aged 10–18 years: The roles of childhood family environment and concurrent parent–child relationships. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 11(2), 577–587. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.2022.00047.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Lee, W., Lee, M. J., & Bong, M. (2014). Testing interest and self-efficacy as predictors of academic self-regulation and achievement. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 39(2), 86–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cedpsych.2014.02.002.CrossRef

Leyland, A., Rowse, G., & Emerson, L.-M. (2019). Experimental effects of mindfulness inductions on self-regulation: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Emotion, 19(1), 108–122. https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0000425.

Li, J., Alghamdi, A., Li, H., Lepp, A., Barkley, J., Zhang, H., & Soyturk, I. (2023). Reassessing the smartphone addiction scale: Support for unidimensionality and a shortened scale from an American sample. Computers in Human Behavior, 139, 107552. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107552.CrossRef

Li, Y., Li, G. X., Yu, M. L., Liu, C. L., Qu, Y. T., & Wu, H. (2021). Association between anxiety symptoms and problematic smartphone use among Chinese university students: The mediating/moderating role of self-efficacy. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 12, 581367. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.581367.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Little, R. J. (1988). A test of missing completely at random for multivariate data with missing values. Journal of the American statistical Association, 83(404), 1198–1202. https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1988.10478722.

Little, T. D., & Rhemtulla, M. (2013). Planned missing data designs for developmental researchers. Child Development Perspectives, 7(4), 199–204. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdep.12043.

Luna, B., Garver, K. E., Urban, T. A., Lazar, N. A., & Sweeney, J. A. (2004). Maturation of cognitive processes from late childhood to adulthood. Child Development, 75(5), 1357–1372. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2004.00745.x.CrossRefPubMed

Marciano, L., Schulz, P. J., & Camerini, A. L. (2021). How smartphone use becomes problematic: Application of the ALT-SR model to study the predicting role of personality traits. Computers in Human Behavior, 119, 106731. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2021.106731.CrossRef

Meng, H., Cao, H., Hao, R., Zhou, N., Liang, Y., Wu, L., & Zhang, J. (2020). Smartphone use motivation and problematic smartphone use in a national representative sample of Chinese adolescents: The mediating roles of smartphone use time for various activities. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 9(1), 163–174. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.2020.00004.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Monahan, K. C., Steinberg, L., & Cauffman, E. (2009). Affiliation with antisocial peers, susceptibility to peer influence, and antisocial behavior during the transition to adulthood. Developmental Psychology, 45(6), 1520–1530. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0017417.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Mottram, A. J., & Fleming, M. J. (2009). Extraversion, impulsivity, and online group membership as predictors of problematic Internet use. Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 12(3), 319–321. https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2007.0170.

Musetti, A., & Corsano, P. (2018). The internet is not a tool: reappraising the model for internet-addiction disorder based on the constraints and opportunities of the digital environment. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 318656. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00558.CrossRef

Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (2012). Mplus: Statistical analysis with latent variables; user’s guide; [version 7]. Muthén et Muthén.

Novak, S. P., & Clayton, R. R. (2001). The influence of school environment and self-regulation on transitions between stages of cigarette smoking: A multilevel analysis. Health Psychology, 20(3), 196–207. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.20.3.196.CrossRefPubMed

Olson, J. A., Stendel, M., & Veissière, S. (2020). Hypnotised by your phone? Smartphone addiction correlates with hypnotisability. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11, 551124. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00578.CrossRef

Saelens, B. E., Gehrman, C. A., Sallis, J. F., Calfas, K. J., Sarkin, J. A., & Caparosa, S. (2000). Use of self-management strategies in a 2-year cognitive-behavioral intervention to promote physical activity. Behavior Therapy, 31(2), 365–379. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7894(00)80020-9.

Shapka, J. D. (2019). Adolescent technology engagement: It is more complicated than a lack of self‐control. Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies, 1(2), 103–110. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbe2.144.CrossRef

Silvers, J. A. (2022). Adolescence as a pivotal period for emotion regulation development. Current Opinion in Psychology, 44, 258–263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2021.09.023.CrossRefPubMed

Sohn, S. Y., Rees, P., Wildridge, B., Kalk, N. J., & Carter, B. (2019). Prevalence of problematic smartphone usage and associated mental health outcomes amongst children and young people: A systematic review, meta-analysis and GRADE of the evidence. BMC Psychiatry, 19, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-019-2350-x.CrossRef

Steinberg, L., Albert, D., Cauffman, E., Banich, M., Graham, S., & Woolard, J. (2008). Age differences in sensation seeking and impulsivity as indexed by behavior and self-report: Evidence for a dual systems model. Developmental Psychology, 44(6), 1764–1778. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0012955.CrossRefPubMed

Taywade, A., & Khubalkar, R. (2019). Gender differences in smartphone usage patterns of adolescents. The International Journal of Indian Psychology, 7(4), 516–523. https://doi.org/10.25215/0704.060.CrossRef

Van den Eijnden, R. J. J. M., Meerkerk, G.-J., Vermulst, A. A., Spijkerman, R., & Engels, R. C. M. E. (2008). Online communication, compulsive internet use, and psychosocial well-being among adolescents: A longitudinal study. Developmental Psychology, 44(3), 655–665. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.44.3.655.CrossRefPubMed

Van der Aa, N., Overbeek, G., Engels, R. C., Scholte, R. H., Meerkerk, G. J., & Van den Eijnden, R. J. (2009). Daily and compulsive internet use and well-being in adolescence: A diathesis-stress model based on big five personality traits. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 38, 765–776. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-008-9298-3.CrossRefPubMed

Wehmeyer, M. L., & Shogren, K. A. (2020). Self-determination and autonomous motivation: Implications for students with intellectual, developmental, and specific learning disabilities. (Eds. Andrew J. M., Rayne A. S., Kristie J. N), In Handbook of educational psychology and students with special needs (pp. 262–291).

Yang, H., Liu, B., & Fang, J. (2021). Stress and problematic smartphone use severity: Smartphone use frequency and fear of missing out as mediators. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 12, 659288. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.659288.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Yau, Y. H., Crowley, M. J., Mayes, L. C., & Potenza, M. N. (2012). Are Internet use and video-game-playing addictive behaviors? Biological, clinical and public health implications for youths and adults. Minerva Psichiatrica, 53(3), 153–170.

Zsido, A. N., Arato, N., Lang, A., Labadi, B., Stecina, D., & Bandi, S. A. (2021). The role of maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies and social anxiety in problematic smartphone and social media use. Personality and Individual Differences, 173, 110647. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2021.110647.CrossRef

Titel: Examining Self-Regulation and Problematic Smartphone Use in Canadian Adolescents: A Parallel Latent Growth Modeling Approach
Auteurs: Bowen Xiao
Haoyu Zhao
Claire Hein-Salvi
Natasha Parent
Jennifer D. Shapka
Publicatiedatum: 24-08-2024
Uitgeverij: Springer US
Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Youth and Adolescence / Uitgave 2/2025
Print ISSN: 0047-2891
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-6601
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-024-02071-x

Andere artikelen Uitgave 2/2025

Suicide Risk among Chinese Left-Behind Adolescents: Developmental Trajectories and Multi-Contextual Predictors

Empirical Research

Longitudinal Associations Between Negative Body Image, Self-Disgust, and Nonsuicidal Self-Injury Among Chinese Adolescents: Disentangling Between- and Within-Person Effects

Empirical Research

Social Support and Non-Suicidal Self-Injury in Adolescents: The Differential Influences of Family, Friends, and Teachers

Empirical Research

Parent- and Adolescent-Driven Effects in Emotion-Related Communication and Longitudinal Relationships with Depressive Symptoms in Adolescents

Empirical Research

Relationship between Perceived Family Resilience, Emotional Flexibility, and Anxiety Symptoms: a Parent–Adolescent Dyadic Perspective

Empirical Research

Longitudinal Dynamic Relationships Between Videogame Use and Symptoms of Gaming Disorder and Depression Among Chinese Children and Adolescents

Empirical Research

Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

Welkom bij Erasmus MC & Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

Registreer

Login

Examining Self-Regulation and Problematic Smartphone Use in Canadian Adolescents: A Parallel Latent Growth Modeling Approach

Abstract

Andere artikelen Uitgave 2/2025

Suicide Risk among Chinese Left-Behind Adolescents: Developmental Trajectories and Multi-Contextual Predictors

Longitudinal Associations Between Negative Body Image, Self-Disgust, and Nonsuicidal Self-Injury Among Chinese Adolescents: Disentangling Between- and Within-Person Effects

Social Support and Non-Suicidal Self-Injury in Adolescents: The Differential Influences of Family, Friends, and Teachers

Parent- and Adolescent-Driven Effects in Emotion-Related Communication and Longitudinal Relationships with Depressive Symptoms in Adolescents

Relationship between Perceived Family Resilience, Emotional Flexibility, and Anxiety Symptoms: a Parent–Adolescent Dyadic Perspective

Longitudinal Dynamic Relationships Between Videogame Use and Symptoms of Gaming Disorder and Depression Among Chinese Children and Adolescents

Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

Welkom bij Erasmus MC & Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

Registreer

Login

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

Abstract

Log in om toegang te krijgen

Suicide Risk among Chinese Left-Behind Adolescents: Developmental Trajectories and Multi-Contextual Predictors

Longitudinal Associations Between Negative Body Image, Self-Disgust, and Nonsuicidal Self-Injury Among Chinese Adolescents: Disentangling Between- and Within-Person Effects

Social Support and Non-Suicidal Self-Injury in Adolescents: The Differential Influences of Family, Friends, and Teachers

Parent- and Adolescent-Driven Effects in Emotion-Related Communication and Longitudinal Relationships with Depressive Symptoms in Adolescents

Relationship between Perceived Family Resilience, Emotional Flexibility, and Anxiety Symptoms: a Parent–Adolescent Dyadic Perspective

Longitudinal Dynamic Relationships Between Videogame Use and Symptoms of Gaming Disorder and Depression Among Chinese Children and Adolescents