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Intrinsic foot muscles and the plantar fascia provide mechanical support for the medial longitudinal arch in gait [1]. In an injury to the plantar fascia (i.e. plantar fasciitis), there may be an increase in load on the intrinsic foot muscles resulting in increased metabolic demand. Phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31P MRS) has shown that the ratio of inorganic phosphate to phosphocreatine ([Pi]/[PCr]) within a muscle increases proportionately with muscle work at low to moderate levels [2]. The purpose of this study was to determine whether walking elicits a relatively higher increase in activity of the intrinsic foot muscles of feet with plantar fasciitis relative to healthy feet.
Methods
Three female subjects (mean age: 43 yrs; arch index: 0.299) with unilateral chronic plantar fasciitis (>3 months) participated.
A 4-Tesla MRS system (Bruker, Germany) was used to obtain concentrations of [PCr] and [Pi] before (PRE) and after (POST) walking. Subjects were positioned supine in the MRS system with a 1H and 31P coplanar surface coil under the medial arch. 31P free induction decays (FIDs) were captured for 3 mins (100 μs, 60° nominal flip angle, TR = 2 s, 2048 data points, spectral width = 8000 Hz).
Subjects walked barefoot on a treadmill for 7 mins at 1.35 ms-1. To preserve the intracellular metabolic state of the intrinsic foot muscles induced by walking, a cuff was inflated around the ankle within the last step. In less than 4 min, subjects were repositioned into the magnet for POST measurement. Both the healthy (H) and plantar fasciitis (PF) feet were studied with > 25 min between tests. Pi and PCr peaks were integrated and [Pi]/[PCr] was calculated.
Results
Walking caused a depletion of [PCr] and an accumulation of [Pi] (Figure 1) which resulted in an increased [Pi]/[PCr] with walking (Table 1). The increases in [Pi]/[PCr] from PRE to POST were similar in PF and H.
Figure 1
Exemplar PRE and POST spectra.
×
Table 1
[Pi]/[PCr] before (PRE) and after (POST) walking
PF
Healthy
Subject
PRE
POST
PRE
POST
S1
0.12
0.17
0.12
0.18
S2
0.10
0.25
0.14
0.18
S3
0.11
0.45
0.10
0.46
Mean
0.11
0.29
0.12
0.27
Conclusion
In this novel approach to the study of intrinsic foot muscles, we used MRS to measure metabolic activity non-invasively and in vivo.
The data showed that walking caused an increased use of ATP in the intrinsic foot muscles, indicating that these muscles were activated to produce force along the plantar aspect of the foot. Although increases in [Pi]/[PCr] of PF and H were similar, more information is required to conclude that both feet performed equal force output. Subsequent studies will examine whether there is PF and H asymmetry in forefoot-rearfoot kinematics, muscle size and mitochondrial function.
Acknowledgements
We thank the International Society of Biomechanics and Kintec Footlabs for funding, and the Yale Magnetic Resonance Research Center.
Open AccessThis article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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