Top

Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders

31-01-2025 | Original Article

Qualitative Exploration and Proof of Concept Toward the Development of the Burnout Assessment for Developmental Disability Settings (BADDS) for Behavioral Health Providers

Auteurs: Summer Bottini, Jennifer Gillis Mattson, Jessica Herrod, Cynthia Sinha, Mindy Scheithauer, Joanna Lomas Mevers, Lawrence Scahill

Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders

Abstract

The present evaluation aimed to begin development of a survey tool for measuring workplace stressors specific to behavioral health providers in clinical settings for autism and related developmental disabilities: the Burnout Assessment for Developmental Disability Settings (BADDS). BADDS development was guided by Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS^®; Cella et al., (Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 63(11), 1179–1194, 2010) procedures. We used a qualitative analysis to define the target conceptual model (Phase 1). Using the analysis and reported lived experiences, we generated individual items for the BADDS. We then piloted these items in an online survey study to examine correlations with established measures of burnout (Phase 2). Finally, we used a modified Delphi approach to refine items with an expert panel, resulting in a preliminary item pool for the BADDS (Phase 3). Qualitative interviews produced a framework of four themes and nine sub-themes for analysis. Initial items were written across each theme and sub-theme. Findings from preliminary psychometric evaluation in Phase 2 demonstrated promising internal consistency, score stability, and positive associations with validated measures of burnout level. Finally in Phase 3, an expert panel edited items for relevance and clarity across three iterations of feedback. Though further analysis is needed, the BADDS tool has the potential to provide a conceptual analysis of burnout by identifying workplace stressors impacting behavioral health providers in autism service settings. This is in contrast to existing measures that solely inquire burnout level, but do not identify causes of job stress. Organizations may develop more effective strategies for mitigating burnout within their specific setting by incorporating assessments such as the BADDS into burnout interventions for providers.

Alleen toegankelijk voor geautoriseerde gebruikers

In this context and throughout this paper we use the term “Behavioral Health Provider” to specifically refer to providers whose responsibilities primarily comprise direct-care behavioral or instructional services (e.g., applied behavior analysis, naturalistic developmental behavioral interventions) to individuals on the autism spectrum.

Ahola, K., Toppinen-Tanner, S., & Seppänen, J. (2017). Interventions to alleviate burnout symptoms and to supportreturn to work among employees with burnout: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Burnout Research, 4, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.burn.2017.02.001

Almanasreh, E., Moles, R., & Chen, T. F. (2019). Evaluation of methods used for estimating content validity. Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy, 15(2), 214–221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sapharm.2018.03.066CrossRefPubMed

Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., & Sanz-Vergel, A. I. (2014). Burnout and work engagement: The JD–R approach. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 1, 389–411. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-031413-091235

Behavior Analyst Certification Board (n.d). BACB certificant data. Retrieved from https://www.bacb.com/BACB-certificant-data

Blair, J., & Presser, S. (1993). Survey procedures for conducting cognitive interviews to pretest questionnaires: A review of theory and practice. In Proceedings of the section on survey research methods, annual meetings of the american statistical association (Vol. 370, p. 75). Alexandria, VA: American Statistical Association.

Bottini, S., Wiseman, K., & Gillis, J. (2020). Burnout in providers serving individuals with ASD: The impact of the workplace. Research in Developmental Disabilities. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2020.103616CrossRefPubMed

Bottini, S., Slowiak, J. M., & Kazee, A. (2024). Conceptualizing Job Burnout through a behavioral Lens: Implications for Organizational Behavior Management. Journal of Organizational Behavior Management, 1–24.

Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa

Bridgeman, P. J., Bridgeman, M. B., & Barone, J. (2018). Burnout syndrome among healthcare professionals. The Bulletin of the American Society of Hospital Pharmacists, 75(3), 147–152. https://doi.org/10.2146/ajhp170460CrossRef

Butrimaviciute, R., & Grieve, A. (2014). Carers’ experiences of being exposed to challenging behaviour in servicesfor autism spectrum disorders. Autism: The International Journal of Research and Practice, 18(8), 882–890. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361313508022

Cella, D., Riley, W., Stone, A., Rothrock, N., Reeve, B., Yount, S., Amtmann, D., Bode, R., Buysse, D., Choi, S., Cook, K., DeVilles, R., DeWalt, D., Fries, J., Gershon, R., Hahn, E., Lai, J., Pilkonis, P., Revicki, D., Rose, M., Weinfurt, K., Hays, R., & PROMIS Cooperative Group. (2010). The patient-reported outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) developed and tested its first wave of adult self-reported health outcome item banks: 2005–2008. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 63(11), 1179–1194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2010.04.011CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Chin, C. L., & Yao, G. (2021). Convergent validity. Encyclopedia of Quality of Life and Well-Being Research (pp. 1–2). Springer International Publishing.

Dalkey, N., & Helmer, O. (1963). An experimental application of the Delphi method to the use of experts. Management Science, 9(3), 458–467.CrossRef

Demerouti, E., Bakker, A. B., Nachreiner, F., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2001). The job demands-resources model of burnout. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(3), 499. https://doi.org/10.1037//0021-9010.86.3.499

DeVellis, R. F., & Thorpe, C. T. (2021). Scale development: Theory and applications. Sage.

García-Fernández, J., Postigo, Á., Cuesta, M., González-Nuevo, C., Menéndez-Aller, Á., & García-Cueto, E. (2022). To be direct or not: Reversing likert response format items. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 25, e24.CrossRefPubMed

Gibson, J. A., Grey, I. M., & Hastings, R. P. (2009). Supervisor support as a predictor of burnout and therapeutic self-efficacy in therapists working in ABA schools. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 39, 1024–1030. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-009-0709-4CrossRefPubMed

Guy, M. E., Newman, M. A., Mastracci, S. H., & Maynard-Moody, S. (2010). Emotional labor in the human service organization. Human Services as Complex Organizations, 291–309.

Hair, J., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate data analysis (7th ed.). Pearson Educational International.

Jamieson, M. K., Govaart, G. H., & Pownall, M. (2023). Reflexivity in quantitative research: A rationale and beginner’s guide. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 17(4), e12735.

Jennett, H. K., Harris, S. L., & Mesibov, G. B. (2003). Commitment to philosophy, teacher efficacy, and burnout among teachers of children with autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 33(6), 583–593. https://doi.org/10.1023/b:jadd.0000005996.19417.57

Koo, T. K., & Li, M. Y. (2016). A Guideline of selecting and reporting Intraclass correlation coefficients for Reliability Research. Journal of Chiropractic Medicine, 15(2), 155–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcm.2016.02.012CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Kozak, A., Kersten, M., Schillmoller, Z., & Nienhaus, A. (2013). Psychosocial work-related predictors and consequences of personal burnout among staff working with people with intellectual disabilities. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 34, 102–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2012.07.021CrossRefPubMed

Kristensen, T. S., Borritz, M., Villadsen, E., & Christensen, K. B. (2005). The Copenhagen Burnout Inventory: A new tool for the assessment of burnout. Work & Stress, 19(3), 192–207. https://doi.org/10.1080/02678370500297720CrossRef

Leiter, M. P., & Maslach, C. (1999). Six areas of work-life: A model of the organizational context of burnout. Journal of Health and Human Services Administration, 21(4), 472–489. PMID: 10621016.PubMed

Leiter, M., & Maslach, C. (2004). Areas of Worklife: A Structured Approach to Organizational predictors of Job Burnout. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1479-3555(03)03003-8

Lynn, M. R. (1986). Determination and quantification of content validity. Nursing Research, 35(6), 382–386.CrossRefPubMed

Mahmood, M. H., Coons, S. J., Guy, M. C., & Pelletier, K. R. (2010). Development and testing of the Workplace stressors Assessment Questionnaire. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 52(12), 1192–1200. https://doi.org/10.1097/JOM.0b013e3181fb53dcCrossRefPubMed

Maslach, C., Jackson, S. E., & Leiter, M. P. (1997). Maslach burnout inventory. In C. P. Zalaquett, & R. J. Wood (Eds.), Evaluating stress: A book of resources (Vol. 218, p. 191). Scarecrow Education. (third edition).

Maslach, C., Leiter, M. P., & Schaufli, W. (2008). Measuring Burnout. The Oxford Handbook of Organizational Well Being (eds. Cartwritght, S., & Cooper, C. L.).

Maslach-Pines, A. (2005). The Burnout measure, short version. International Journal of Stress Management, 12(1), 78–88. https://doi.org/10.1037/1072-5245.12.1.78CrossRef

Neben, J., & Chen, C. (2010). Impact of aggressive behaviour on burnout and quality of support. Journal on Developmental Disabilities, 16(1), 94–102.

Novack, M., & Dixon, D. (2019). Predictors of burnout, job satisfaction, and turnover in Behavior technicians Working with individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 6. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40489-019-00171-0

Pados, B. F., Estrem, H. H., Thoyre, S. M., Park, J., & McComish, C. (2017). The neonatal eating Assessment Tool: Development and Content Validation. Neonatal Network, 36(6).

Pingo, J. C., Dixon, M. R., & Paliliunas, D. (2020). Intervention enhancing effects of acceptance and commitment training on performance feedback for direct support professional work performance, stress, and job satisfaction. Behavior Analysis in Practice, 13(1), 1–10.CrossRefPubMed

Ransford, C. R., Greenberg, M. T., Domitrovich, C. E., Small, M., & Jacobson, L. (2009). The role of teachers’ psychological experiences and perceptions of curriculum supports on the implementation of a social and emotional learning curriculum. School Psychology Review, 38, 510–532.

Schaufeli, W. B., Leiter, M. P., & Maslach, C. (2009). Burnout: 35 years of research and practice. Career Development International, 14(3), 204–220. https://doi.org/10.1108/13620430910966406

Schaufeli, W. B., Maassen, G. H., Bakker, A. B., & Sixma, H. J. (2011). Stability and change in burnout: A 10-year follow-up study among primary care physicians. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 84(2), 249–267. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8325.2010.02013.xCrossRef

Slowiak, J. M., & DeLongchamp, A. C. (2022). Self-care strategies and job-crafting practices among behavior analysts: Do they predict perceptions of work–life balance, work engagement, and burnout? Behavior Analysis in Practice, 15(2), 414–432. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40617-021-00570-yCrossRefPubMed

Tavakol, M., & Dennick, R. (2011). Making sense of Cronbach’s alpha. International Journal of Medical Education, 2, 53–55. https://doi.org/10.5116/ijme.4dfb.8dfdCrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Winnwood, P. C., & Winefield, A. H. (2004). Comparing two measurs of burnout among dentists in Australia. International Journal of Stress Management, 11(3), 282–289. https://doi.org/10.1037/1072-5245.11.3.282CrossRef

World Health Organization. (2019). QD85 Burnout. In International statistical classification of disease and health problems (11th ed.). https://www.apa.org/pubs/reports/work-well-being/compounding-pressure-2021

Titel: Qualitative Exploration and Proof of Concept Toward the Development of the Burnout Assessment for Developmental Disability Settings (BADDS) for Behavioral Health Providers
Auteurs: Summer Bottini
Jennifer Gillis Mattson
Jessica Herrod
Cynthia Sinha
Mindy Scheithauer
Joanna Lomas Mevers
Lawrence Scahill
Publicatiedatum: 31-01-2025
Uitgeverij: Springer US
Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders
Print ISSN: 0162-3257
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-3432
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-025-06728-9

Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

Welkom bij Erasmus MC & Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

Registreer

Login

Qualitative Exploration and Proof of Concept Toward the Development of the Burnout Assessment for Developmental Disability Settings (BADDS) for Behavioral Health Providers

Abstract

Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

Welkom bij Erasmus MC & Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

Registreer

Login

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

Abstract

Log in om toegang te krijgen