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Gepubliceerd in:

01-03-2015

Nieuwe inzichten in therapeutische mogelijkheden bij diabetes mellitus type 1

Van symptoombestrijding naar personalized medicine

Auteurs: Drs. J. van Heiningen, F.M. Keij, prof.dr. B.O. Roep

Gepubliceerd in: Tijdschrift voor Kindergeneeskunde | Uitgave 1/2015

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Samenvatting

Diabetes mellitus type 1 (T1D) ontstaat ten gevolge van een auto-immuungemedieerde progressieve destructie van insuline-producerende β-cellen. Hoewel de insulinetherapie in de loop der jaren sterk verbeterd is, beperkt deze zich tot symptoombestrijding. Hierbij wordt het doel van glykemische controle meestal niet gehaald.
Het afgelopen decennium zijn vele nieuwe inzichten in de pathogenese van type 1-diabetes ontstaan. Dankzij studies in de pancreatische laesie van T1D-patiënten werd eenduidig bewijs voor een lokale auto-immuunreactie geleverd. Hierbij werd zowel het doelwit als de agressor geïdentificeerd. Bovendien bleken meer β-cellen behouden te zijn dan op basis van β-celfunctie werd verwacht. Dit onderstreept het nut van interventietherapie ten behoeve van β-celpreservatie, ook lang na diagnose. Het meest verrassend bleek de variatie in ontstekingsreacties binnen één pancreas en tussen patiënten.
De ontrafeling van het ziektemechanisme biedt de gelegenheid om interventies te ontwikkelen en te toetsen. Gezien de prevalentie en de lange ziekteduur bestaat nu juist bij kinderen de grootste behoefte om de interventie te toetsen. De regelgeving in Nederland staat dit echter voor deze patiëntengroep niet toe. In het verleden zijn kortetermijnsuccessen geboekt met immunosuppressiva, maar bijwerkingen van een lange afweeronderdrukking lijken onaanvaardbaar. Moderne interventies richten zich dan ook op subtielere immuunmodulatie. De klinische resultaten leken aanvankelijk beperkt. Het trialontwerp hield echter geen rekening met patiënt-en ziekteheterogeniteit, waardoor de effectiviteit van deze therapieën mogelijk wordt onderschat. Met deze nieuwe inzichten van heterogeniteit in patiënt, pathogenese en therapie-uitkomsten zullen aankomende trials zich moeten gaan richten op therapie op maat: personalized medicine, waarbij specifieke aandacht voor interventie bij kinderen wenselijk is.
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Metagegevens
Titel
Nieuwe inzichten in therapeutische mogelijkheden bij diabetes mellitus type 1
Van symptoombestrijding naar personalized medicine
Auteurs
Drs. J. van Heiningen
F.M. Keij
prof.dr. B.O. Roep
Publicatiedatum
01-03-2015
Uitgeverij
Bohn Stafleu van Loghum
Gepubliceerd in
Tijdschrift voor Kindergeneeskunde / Uitgave 1/2015
Print ISSN: 0376-7442
Elektronisch ISSN: 1875-6840
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12456-015-0004-6