Mindfulness-based relapse prevention (MBRP) is an intervention for persons recovering from addiction which integrates mindfulness practices and cognitive and behavioral-based relapse prevention techniques, with the goal of helping individuals avoid a return to substance use. MBRP has shown promise in reducing relapse rates among individuals recovering from substance use disorders, but literature examining the effectiveness and mechanisms of action of MBRP is still rather limited. The current paper is a theoretical review of the development of MBRP and research evidence supporting the effectiveness of this intervention. Proposed psychological and physiological mechanisms of action of MBRP and directions for future research are also examined with a specific focus on treating individuals recovering from alcohol use disorders.