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Gepubliceerd in:
hoofdstuk lezen eerste hoofdstuk lezen

2024 | OriginalPaper | Hoofdstuk

9. Embryonic, placental and foetal growth and development

Auteurs : Dr. Wessel Ganzevoort, Prof. dr. Rebecca C. Painter, Dr. Aleid G. Leemhuis, Dr. Bernadette S. de Bakker, Prof. dr. Régine P. M. Steegers-Theunissen, Dr. Marijke M. Faas

Gepubliceerd in: Textbook of Obstetrics and Gynaecology

Uitgeverij: Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

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Summary

In this chapter, normal foetal growth is described, starting from the embryonic period until delivery. Environmental and behavioural influences on growth are discussed, as is how these lead to abnormal growth patterns. An important subject is how growth should be measured and how normal deviations in size should be discerned from abnormal growth. One of the important learning goals is understanding the pathophysiological processes of excessive growth and restricted growth, as well as their impact on outcomes in the immediate period of pregnancy and in later life. This chapter discusses the large influence of maternal and paternal conditions, health and lifestyle on offspring health. Lastly, the evidence on interventions to improve outcomes is discussed.
vorige hoofdstuk Preconception health and care
volgende hoofdstuk Birth and the neonatal period
Bijlagen
Alleen toegankelijk voor geautoriseerde gebruikers
Woordenlijst
Crossing centiles
If, in two subsequent ultrasound estimations of foetal weight, the estimated foetal weight appears to be at a significantly different percentile than previously.
Decidua
The uterine lining (endometrium) that forms the maternal part of the placenta during a pregnancy.
Doppler
A technique that uses the transformation of sound frequency due to movement. A good example is the change of sound heard when a racing car passes by. Ultrasound software uses this frequency shift to calculate flow velocity in a blood vessel.
FGR
Foetal growth restriction, i.e. a pathological smallness due to pathological placental process, where smallness is an individual measure and may not lie outside reference cut-offs.
LGA
Large for gestational age, i.e. birth weight above a cut-off percentile for gestational age.
Neurodevelopment
Impairments of the growth and development of the brain or central nervous system.
Ovoviparous
Born live in protective egg, no nutrition from mother.
Pulsatility index
A measure that uses diastolic, systolic and average blood flow velocity during a foetal heart cycle to express resistance of the vascularised organ, in the case of the umbilical artery this is the placental unit. A high PI indicates high resistance.
SGA
Small for gestational age, i.e. birth weight below a cut-off percentile for gestational age.
Viviparous
Born live.
Literatuur
1.
De Bakker BS, De Jong KH, Hagoort J, De Bree K, Besselink CT, De Kanter FE, et al. An interactive three-dimensional digital atlas and quantitative database of human development. Science. 2016;354(6315):aag0053.
2.
Beukers F, Aarnoudse-Moens CSH, Van Weissenbruch MM, Ganzevoort W, Van Goudoever JB, Van Wassenaer-Leemhuis AG. Foetal growth restriction with brain sparing: neurocognitive and behavioral outcomes at 12 years of age. J Pediatr. 2017;188(103–9): e2.
3.
Flood K, Unterscheider J, Daly S, Geary MP, Kennelly MM, McAuliffe FM, et al. The role of brain sparing in the prediction of adverse outcomes in intrauterine growth restriction: results of the multicenter PORTO study. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2014;211(3):288 e1–5.
4.
Gordijn SJ, Beune IM, Thilaganathan B, Papageorghiou A, Baschat AA, Baker PN, et al. Consensus definition of foetal growth restriction: a Delphi procedure. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2016;48(3):333–9.CrossRefPubMed
5.
Painter RC, Roseboom TJ, De Rooij SR. Long-term effects of prenatal stress and glucocorticoid exposure. Birth Defects Res C Embryo Today. 2012;96(4):315–24.CrossRefPubMed
6.
Papageorghiou AT, Ohuma EO, Altman DG, Todros T, Cheikh Ismail L, Lambert A, et al. International standards for foetal growth based on serial ultrasound measurements: the foetal growth longitudinal study of the INTERGROWTH-21st project. Lancet. 2014;384(9946):869–79.CrossRefPubMed
7.
Redman CW, Sargent IL, Staff AC. IFPA senior award lecture: making sense of preeclampsia – two placental causes of preeclampsia? Placenta. 2014;35(Suppl):S20-5.CrossRefPubMed
8.
Sadovsky Y, Jansson T. Placenta and placental transport function. In: TM P, AJ Z, editors. Knobil and Neill’s physiology of reproduction. 4th ed. San Diego: Academic Press; 2015. pp. 1741–82.
9.
Steegers-Theunissen RP, Steegers EA. Embryonic health: new insights, mHealth and personalised patient care. Reprod Fertil Dev. 2015;27(4):712–5.CrossRefPubMed
10.
Verburg BO, Steegers EA, De Ridder M, Snijders RJ, Smith E, Hofman A, et al. New charts for ultrasound dating of pregnancy and assessment of foetal growth: longitudinal data from a population-based cohort study. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2008;31(4):388–96.CrossRefPubMed
11.
Metagegevens
Titel
Embryonic, placental and foetal growth and development
Auteurs
Dr. Wessel Ganzevoort
Prof. dr. Rebecca C. Painter
Dr. Aleid G. Leemhuis
Dr. Bernadette S. de Bakker
Prof. dr. Régine P. M. Steegers-Theunissen
Dr. Marijke M. Faas
Copyright
2024
Uitgeverij
Bohn Stafleu van Loghum
Boek
Textbook of Obstetrics and Gynaecology

Print ISBN: 978-90-368-2993-9

Elektronisch ISBN: 978-90-368-2994-6

Copyright: 2024

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-368-2994-6_9